abortion prochoice Vs. prolife essays

abortion prochoice Vs. prolife essays The age-old question, When does life begin? is never more profound then when it is discussed and debated in the context of the abortion issue. In the past forty years the abortion issue has not only been societys problem but a political issue in the United States. Websters Dictionary defines abortion as, The termination of a pregnancy followed by the death of the embryo or fetus. Pro-Life and Pro-Choice advocates continue to fight for their positions on the house floor and in the courtrooms of America. The Pro-Choice position does not view abortion as killing an individual human, but as a legal right to terminate a pregnancy. Their position is firmly backed by the Roe Vs. Wade Supreme Court decision. They continue to fight for an America that has legal abortion, because they say a woman has the right to do what she wants with her body. They also believe that unwanted children should not be brought into this world. The new presidential administration offers a distinct shift from the Pro-Choice policy of the Clinton era. America waits to see the outcome of the renewed Pro-Life era of President Bush and his supporters. The arguments for the Pro-Life movements are numerous and passionate. They clearly state their position through a Judeo-Christian worldview, a civilized ethics system, and a Hippocratic view of medicine. A careful juxtaposition of these two views of life will inform on individuals beliefs about abortion The Pro-Choice movement is backed by the Supreme Courts decision on the Roe Vs. Wade decision. To understand the importance of this one must first be acquainted with the case. Roe Vs. Wade was a legal case, decided in 1973 by the U.S. Supreme Court, which held restrictive state regulation of abortion to be unconstitutional. In a 72 vote the Supreme Court upheld the lower court's decision that a Texas statement, that criminalizi...

Profiling Passengers Pros and Cons

Profiling Passengers Pros and Cons The threat of terrorism has made airport security measures a hot topic since 9/11. While passengers face ever-longer lists of prohibited items, security experts increasingly argue that it is passengers themselves, not the contents of their bags, that need to be scrutinized. Those in the air travel business may agree, as the time and inconvenience of getting through airport security grows, making air travel unattractive to customers. If passenger profiling works, it would be an effective way to prevent terrorists from attacking and save time and money for everyone else. Profiling Provokes Concerns Over Civil Liberties Civil Rights experts argue that passenger profiling violates passengers civil rights. Any profiling system requires creating stereotypes of their objects based on existing information. So, because the 9/11 attackers were all Arab Muslims, Arab Muslims are more likely to be profiled than others, which violates basic ideas about Americans equality. The chance that inaccuracies and prejudice will make their way into the system is good. Profilings Effectiveness Remains to Be Proven Profiling may not actually be effective. Profiling, when it replaces baggage screening, can have a negative effect on overall security, according to the American Civil Liberties Union: In 1972, the last year the United States used profiles to determine whose carry-on luggage would be X-rayed to stop hijacking, there were 28 hijackings of U.S. aircraft anyway. Hijacking dropped off when profiling was abandoned and every passengers carry-on luggage was X-rayed. Latest Developments The August 2006 arrest of 24 men planning to blow up aircraft leaving Heathrows airport using a combination of innocuous liquids re-opened the debate about effective airport screening. Later in the week, the British government announced that it is considering a passenger profiling system that would go beyond simply identifying passengers with specific racial or ethnic backgrounds. Amid extra security measures, delays and skyrocketing threat levels for passengers, analysts concluded that current hand-baggage screening technology is probably not sufficient to identify all potential bomb components, especially homemade ones. The trouble with airport security measures is that a lot of machines do not spot a lot of explosives. It is still a case of dogs and people taking their clothes off, Andy Oppenheimer, an editor for Janes Nuclear Biological Chemical Defense, told The Guardian. Background Airline passenger profiling got its official start in 1994 when Northwest Airlines began developing a computer-assisted passenger prescreening system (CAPPS). Following suspicions that the July 1996 crash of a TWA flight might have involved a bomb, the government began making recommendations that profiling through CAPPS should be made routine. Civil liberties organizations raised concerns that such programs are discriminatory. Their use remained widespread, however, and both a 1997 Justice Department report and 1998 Senate Subcommittee aviation hearings concluded that CAPPS was being implemented in a fair way. They recommended Federal Aviation Agency (FAA) oversight to make sure that profiling remained fair. Concerns about terrorism following 9/11 and advances in electronic information collection and gathering have raised the stakes. Following September 11, the Department of Homeland Security developed two programs, CAPPS II and the Secure Flight Program, both of which have been controversial on civil liberties grounds. CAPPS II, which required passengers to provide personal information when they made reservations, has been abandoned. Secure Flight requires airlines to share the names of passengers with the government for comparison with a centralized list of terrorist names. The government is also experimenting with low-tech forms of passenger profiling based on behavior pattern recognition. Security officers use the technique to flag passengers who seem to be acting suspiciously. While it is behavior, not race or ethnicity, thats being tagged, there are concerns that behavior pattern recognition can turn easily into racial profiling, or subject innocent people to illegal searches without a good pretext. The Screening Passengers by Observation Technique program, known as SPOT, has been in use in major city airports since 2004. The Case for Profiling While behavior pattern recognition hasnt yet stopped any terrorists, there is a lot of anecdotal evidence suggesting that it can. Officers using behavior pattern recognition techniques at major U.S. airports have successfully stopped people with fake identification, and others wanted for drug possession or other crimes. The threat of terrorism warrants adding these techniques to existing baggage screening technology. Passenger Profiling Is a Race-Neutral Technique Behavior pattern recognition is a race-neutral profiling technique in which screeners look for how people act, rather than the shade of their skin. In fact, profilers are prohibited from relying on race or other discriminatory factors to identify potential terrorists. A program analyst for the Transportation Security Administration called SPOT an antidote to racial profiling ... If you look for a certain race or ethnicity, youre making a big mistake. As for screening technologies that make use of electronic databases, our elected officials and others can pressure the government to notify the public that private information is being used, and adhere to other requirements. In fact, requiring the government to use technologies and techniques in an ethical way would be a great way to move beyond the well-debated conflict between liberty and security. The government can provide Americans with both by appropriately using profiling technology and methods. The Case Against Profiling Terrorists may go undetected by behavior pattern recognition profiling, despite the techniques success in capturing other criminals. Terrorists may be trained for long periods in how to control suspicious behaviors. And there are no existing profile templates for how terrorists behave, so it would be difficult to come up with a profile that predicts their specific ways of behaving. Profiling Can Amount to an Ethnic Witch Hunt There is such a high likelihood that profiling will turn into an ethnic witch hunt that it is not worth risking its use. The British implementation of similar profiling in August 2006 immediately provoked a Muslim police officer to call it an extreme form of stereotyping. Such a move by American authorities is likely to provoke similarly justified outrage and in the process damage the United States already troubled relationship with Islamic communities, both domestically and abroad. Profiling Technologies Violate Passengers Privacy Rights Northwest Airlines release of private citizens information to NASA in 2001-2002 suggests that neither the public nor private sector is interested in preserving Americans right to privacy. The availability of technology that encourages the coordination and use of even more personal information will make it increasingly difficult to enforce civil liberties, and although violations of rights may be discovered after the fact, the damage will already have been done. Stopping terrorists before they strike is key to protecting Americans security. But protecting the country also means aiming to protect its ideals. At the least, it would be ironic if the quest to protect the ideals of American freedom cost Americans their civil liberties.